This paper presents a new numerical method to solve time fractional Fokker-Planck equation. The space dimension is discretized to the Gauss-Lobatto points, then we apply pseudo-spectral successive integration matrix for this dimension. This approach shows that with less number of points, we can approximate the solution with more accuracy. The numerical results of the examples are displayed.

When the density current smashes into the lower dense fluid mass a plunge region will occur. Since the plunge depth bounds between density current and ambient fluid, determining of this point is important. In this research, the hydraulic parameters of density current and bed slope of stagnant fluid were investigated. To achieve the purpose of this research a physical model was built in the hydraulic laboratory of Shahid Chamran University (SCU) and various experiments were performed. In the experiments, the plunge depth at the different discharge of density current and density difference 6, 9, 13 and 16 kg/m3 at three slopes 8, 12 and 16% was measured. Then using Flow-3D under RNG turbulence model, plunge depth was simulated for the same experimental condition. The comparison of results obtained showed that the predicted plunge depth with Flow-3D under RNG turbulence model had a high and satisfactory accuracy. Finding showed that for the 8% bed slope, the results of RNG turbulence model 14% was more than experimental data. While, for the entire slope, the results of RNG turbulence model was predicted 10.5% in average more than measured data. Generally, the statistical investigations showed that the RNG turbulence model with satisfactory precision estimated the plunge point depth.

In this paper, we introduce the notion of normalized distance Laplacian matrices for signed graphs corresponding to the two signed distances defined for signed graphs. We characterize balance in signed graphs using these matrices and compare the normalized distance Laplacian spectral radius of signed graphs with that of all-negative signed graphs. Also we characterize the signed graphs having maximum normalized distance Laplacian spectral radius.

Let $G$ be a simple connected graph of order $n$ with $m$ edges. Denote by $% \gamma _{1}^{+}\geq \gamma _{2}^{+}\geq \cdots \geq \gamma _{n}^{+}\geq 0$ the normalized signless Laplacian eigenvalues of $G$. In this work, we define the normalized signless Laplacian Estrada index of $G$ as $NSEE\left(G\right) =\sum_{i=1}^{n}e^{\gamma _{i}^{+}}.$ Some lower bounds on $%NSEE\left( G\right) $ are also established.

The normalized water productivity parameter is one of the AquaCrop model’ s input, upon which the crop biomass yield is simulated on a daily basis. The necessitate of this research is that the amount of normalized water productivity for spinach has not been determined so far. This research was carried out at the Abourihan Campus farm of the University of Tehran which is located in Pakdasht. The experiments were performed during cultivation year of 2017-2018 with six planting densities of 12, 16, 17, 22, 25 and 33 plants per square meter and four replications with full irrigation. The biomass yield was measured seven times during the cultivation season. Considering the measured data of biomass and relative transpiration, the normalized water productivity was obtained for five treatments. The highest amount of normalized water productivity (12. 4 g/m 2 ) was related to 25 plants per square meter density. A relationship function was found using normalized water productivity and planting density data. This function was tested using the remaining treatment and placing the normalized water productivity in the Aqua Crop model. The mean root square error and the mean bias error between the measured and simulated data were 20. 9 and 6. 6 g/m 2 at the test step. The results of this study showed that the planting density affects normalized water productivity and it is increased by increasing planting density (optimum density) and then it is decreased. Finally, this study suggests that the normalized water productivity regarding to planting density is entered to the AquaCrop model.

There are many reports of using the Kinect to detect hand and finger gestures after release of device by Microsoft. The depth information is mostly used to separate the hand image in the two-dimension of RGB domain. This paper proposes a method in which the depth information plays a more dominant role. Using a threshold in depth space first the hand template is extracted. Then in 3D domain the perpendicular vector to the hand surface is found. Using the rotation matrix all the rotations along three axes are compensated in a way that the camera z-coordinate lies perpendicular to hand surface. Then the resulted 3d image is translated to a distance of 80 to 100 cm from the Kinect. Wavelet transform with a new descriptor, called Circular Descriptor are used to extract required features. A trained MLP neural network in conjunction with a SVM is used to classify the signs. Empirical results show an average accuracy of 96. 7 % with a two seconds delay for online recognition of Persian Sign Language.

Nowadays, because of the growing numbers of vehicles on streets and roads, the use of intelligent control systems to improve driving safety and health has become a necessity. To design and implement such control systems, having information about traffic light colors is essential. There are the wide variety of traffic lights in terms of light intensity and color. Therefore it seems that design and practical implementation of these systems with acceptable performance is difficult. The study has been discussed extracting, Categories and the offer of a specific model for color and intensity of traffic signals based on an improved algorithm. The proposed intelligent system will detect traffic lights through images by installing camera instead of using electronic sensors. After capturing, the image sequence will then be analyzed using computer based programs for extracting of lights specifications.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Urban heat island is characterized by higher temperatures in urban areas compared to their surroundings. Vegetation, quantified by the normalized difference vegetation index, is key in mitigating urban heat island effects and influencing land surface temperature. With the rise of Machine Learning techniques, particularly random forest, land surface temperature predictions have become more accurate. This study explores alternative normalized difference vegetation index adjustments to understand their impact on urban heat island classification in Chiang Mai, Thailand. It investigates how changes to the normalized difference vegetation index can help to be part of practical urban planning measures, such as prioritizing vegetation type and location for cooling strategies in urban areas. Furthermore, the study aims to highlight the importance of vegetation as a sustainable solution for mitigating the adverse effects of urban heat island and enhancing urban livability.METHODS: Satellite data from Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 for 2016–2022 were used to develop a 20-meters grid resolution dataset, resulting in approximately 2 million points. Random Forest was employed to predict land surface temperature, followed by systematically adjusting normalized difference vegetation index values from -100 percent to +100 percent in 10 percent increments. Urban heat island was classified based on standard deviation thresholds. The results were analyzed and compared visually using geographic information system, incorporating spatial variations and heat intensity patterns to better understand the urban landscape.FINDINGS: Adjusting normalized difference vegetation index values showed a nonlinear relationship with Land Surface Temperature predictions, where certain thresholds caused unexpected decreases in Land Surface Temperature. Urban heat island classifications identified distinct urban regions with varying heat intensities. The visual comparison highlighted significant differences between the base case and alternative scenarios, revealing the sensitivity of land surface temperature to vegetation density. the results also emphasized the role of high normalized difference vegetation index values in cooling urban regions and reducing urban heat island intensity, while extreme reductions in vegetation led to potential misclassification of water bodies, creating anomalies in cooling patterns. The results of this research provide information on important variables that affect the changes in the urban heat islands, focusing on changes in vegetation, which can be a part of decision-making to improve urban planning in the future.CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates the influence of normalized difference vegetation index on urban heat island classification and its potential in urban planning strategies. By highlighting nonlinear trends, the research underscores further the need to explore vegetation dynamics in land surface temperature predictions. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of urban heat island effects and provide a basis for enhancing machine Learning models and urban planning frameworks. Future studies could expand to other urban areas, incorporate additional variables, and refine predictive algorithms for broader applications. This study will serve as a foundation for the development of future real-time monitoring tools that will enable proactive and sustainable solutions to UHI problems. 

A pressure-based implicit procedure to solve the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations on a nonorthogonal mesh with collocated finite-volume formulation is described. The boundedness criteria for this procedure are determined from the NVD method, and are applied to the convected quantities. The procedure incorporates the k −ε eddy viscosity turbulence model. The algorithm is tested for several inviscid flows at different Mach numbers ranging from subsonic to supersonic on a bump in channel geometry where the results are compared with other existing numerical solutions. The method is then validated against experimental data for the case of turbulent transonic flow through a gas turbine rotor blade cascade. The comparisons presented show that the quality of the resolution of the SBIC scheme for steady state flows is remarkable.